To disable all WordPress plugins via the database, run the following SQL command:
UPDATE wp_options SET option_value = '' WHERE option_name = 'active_plugins';
In case your database table prefix is not wp_, replace the prefix in the code above.
Upon execution, this query will clear the active_plugins field of all active plugins, effectively disabling (without uninstalling or modifying) the entire set. This method is great if you plan to re-enable each plugin individually, after resolving issues with your website.